12/15/2023 0 Comments Git set upstream of fork to originalIf you have more than one checkout of your fork, run everything above except the push in each of the others. Open the original Git repository (not the forked Git repository me/foobar) Jump to the src folder, and open the file you want to change. Then do this from one checkout of your fork: If you have a Github fork of a project whose default branch was renamed, go to the github page for your fork, select Settings then Branches, and rename the default branch to main. This document describes how to fix those. Since they are synced, you can pull from either upstream or origin.Most of the ClusterLabs projects' git repositories renamed their default branch to "main" in late December 2021.Īnyone who has an existing fork and/or checkout of an affected repository will have a dangling reference to the old name. Once you have successfully synced the default branch of YOU/REPO with the default branch of OWNER/REPO, you probably want to do the same for your local repo. If you are suffering due to commits youâve made on main and itâs beyond the help we describe below, consider deleting your fork and local repo and making a fresh start with Fork and clone. Still, Im unable to create a pull request on the upstream ('base. Following this guide, I cloned my 'base repo' to a new project and set the original as an upstream repo. If you have made commits on the default branch of your fork, which we strongly advise against, this can result in a merge commit (or even merge conflicts). That being said, I do want to have the option to update the 'base repo' from time to time (if, for example, I find a bug in 'base repo' while working some downstream repo). This branch is up to date with OWNER/REPO:main. For more information, see 'Configuring a remote repository for a fork.' Open Terminal Terminal Git Bash. Before you can sync your fork with an upstream repository, you must configure a remote that points to the upstream repository in Git. Syncing a fork branch from the command line. Upon success, the main page of YOU/REPO shows something like You can set the -force flag to overwrite the destination branch. Once you are ready to proceed, click âSync forkâ in the upper right corner. However, if you have already done so, we explain how to fix the problem in Um, what if I did touch main?. If is not specified, the upstream configured in branch..remote and branch..merge options will be used (see git-config1 for details).Select the arrow to the right of the merging button, and make sure choose to rebase instead of merge. Usually, you only want to sync the master branch. I recommend that you never make your own commits to the default branch of a fork or to any branch that you donât effectively (co-)own. Make sure to set your fork as the base repository, and the original (upstream) repository as a head repository. This is a sign that you have made some regrettable choices. If you see something like this: This branch is 1 commit ahead, 2 commits behind OWNER:main. Which indicates you can sync up in the ideal fast-forward sense. Switched to a new branch 'branch3' Now, we should change the base of our branch so that our new commits appear on top of the upstream repositoryâs master branch: git rebase upstream/master First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it. Ideally you will see something like: This branch is 2 commits behind OWNER:main. git checkout branch3 Branch 'branch3' set up to track remote branch 'branch3' from 'origin'. Navigate to the main page of your fork YOU/REPO, i.e. your primary repo which is configured as the origin remote.Īt the top youâll see some information on how the state of main in your fork relates to main in the source repo, similar to what we see with git status in the alternative approach above. The official GitHub documentation for this is Syncing a fork branch from the web UI. To add to hellyales comment, if you see a fork whose (for instance) master branch has some changes you want to test / get into your own original repository ('upstream' compared to that fork), you dont have to wait for a pull request. Happily it is now possible to sync a fork with its source repo in the browser, i.e. to do the sync between the 2 GitHub repos. When trying to sync a fork that does not have an upstream set you may get output that looks like the following: git fetch upstream fatal: 'upstream' does not appear to be a git repository fatal: Could not read from remote repository. After that, on the same branch, I can use git pull upstream branchname to. 32.4 Sync option 2: Sync your fork on GitHub, pull changes from origin to local repoįor many years, this was not possible, though many GitHub users wished for this feature. By default I use the name upstream to point to the original repository I forked from.
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12/15/2023 0 Comments Code tv kodi box reviewsIt is network-capable (internet and home network shares). Kodi supports many common audio, video, and image formats, playlists, audio visualizations, slideshows, weather forecast reporting, and third-party plugins. Kodi has attracted negative attention from the news media and law enforcement agencies due to some add-ons as plug-ins made available by third parties for the software that facilitates unauthorized access and playback of media content by different means of copyright infringement, as well as sellers of digital media players that pre-load them with third-party add-ons for the express purpose of making "piracy" easy The XBMC Foundation have express that they do not endorse the use of third-party add-ons that are designed for the purpose of "piracy", and it takes active steps to disassociate and distance the Kodi project from third-party add-ons that violate copyright, including blacklisting such add-ons and banning all discussions about piracy in their community forums as well as threatening legal action against those using the Kodi trademarks or logos to promote add-ons and digital media players that come with them pre-installed with such add-ons. Derivative applications such as MediaPortal and Plex have been spun off from XBMC or Kodi, as well as just enough operating systems like LibreELEC. Then the project was renamed again from XBMC to "Kodi" in July 2014 with the release of Kodi 14 (instead of the expected XBMC 14 release), while still keeping "XBMC Foundation" as the name for its legal entity that owns Kodi's code as well as directly related trademarks and logos.īecause of its open source and cross-platform nature, with its core code written in C++, modified versions of Kodi XBMC together with JeOS have been used as a software appliance suite or software framework in a variety of devices, including smart TVs, set-top boxes, digital signage, hotel television systems, network connected media players and embedded systems based on armhf platforms like Raspberry Pi. The software was originally created in 2002 as an independently developed homebrew media player application named Xbox Media Player for the first-generation Xbox game console, changing its name in 2004 to Xbox Media Center (abbreviated as XBMC, which was adopted as the official name in 2008) and was later made available under the name XBMC as a native application for Android, Linux, BSD, macOS, iOS/ tvOS, and Microsoft Windows-based operating systems. The later versions also have a personal video-recorder (PVR) graphical front end for receiving live television with electronic program guide (EPG) and high-definition digital video recorder (DVR) support. It is customizable: skins can change its appearance, and plug-ins allow users to access streaming media content via online services such as Amazon Prime Instant Video, Crackle, Pandora Internet Radio, Rhapsody, Spotify, and YouTube. Kodi was initially designed as a multi-platform home-theater PC (HTPC) application that has grown to become a multi-purpose technological convergence platform. It allows users to play and view most streaming media, such as videos, music, podcasts, and videos from the Internet, as well as all common digital media files from local and network storage media, or TV gateway viewer. Kodi is available for multiple operating systems and hardware platforms, with a software 10-foot user interface for use with televisions and remote controls. Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open-source media player and technology convergence software application developed by the Kodi Foundation, a non-profit technology consortium. Media player software, smart TV platform, digital media player, digital video recorder Windows 10 and later, macOS, Android, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS ( Apple TV OS), Linux, FreeBSD, webOS, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/SĪRM, ARM64, MIPS, RISC-V, PowerPC, IA-32 (x86), and 圆4 (x86-64) C++ core, with C++ (binary) or Python scripts as add-ons (plug-in extensions) from third-party developers 12/15/2023 0 Comments Simple invoice template printableThe number doesn’t have to be an exact length – as long as it makes sense to the company or individual issuing the invoice. Each invoice number needs to be unique in order to efficiently organize each payment. It is used to track and identify each payment, service, or product sold. Payments Accepted, Corrections, and Other DetailsĪ comment box allows the issuer to list pertinent details regarding the invoice, such as the types of payment accepted, corrections to listed expenses, or thank-yous to the client.Īn Invoice Number is a string of characters systematically assigned to an invoice. Having a concrete date that the invoice is due ensures both parties are clear on the terms of payment and lets the client breathe easy if they do not have the immediate funds to cover the invoice amount. The number of days until payment is due is a must for every invoice. Although some invoices only have lists for products and vice versa, all invoices have a section to list out the details of the expenses. They allow for detailed descriptions of what was purchased, how many, the cost of each, and the total amounts altogether. Lists of both the products and/or services purchased are the basis for the invoice. Additionally, most have an invoice number to track past and current clients more efficiently. Their name, address, phone number, and the date of the transaction are almost always included. Having an address displayed clearly on the invoice allows sold products to have a return address and gives customers a means to pay invoices by check through the mail.Ī ‘Bill To’ section lists all of the significant details of the client purchasing the products or services. The company name can be replaced by an individual’s name if doing freelance work. The company name and address are staples of an invoice.
12/15/2023 0 Comments Silverback gorilla t shirtSilverback Strong - Gorilla - Gym Work Out T-Shirt. No bobbling, stretching or fading on any of our fabrics after dozens of washes. Buy Silverback Strong - Gorilla - Gym Work Out Premium T-Shirt: Shop top fashion brands T-Shirts at FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases. Having featured in the likes of Vogue and Elle magazine, the brand offers a premium range of elevated essentials, ocean-waste plastic swimwear and childrenswear. The company originated in Athens Greece and is stocked worldwide. That Gorilla Brand - a premium brand with a purpose. They are a brand with a charitable purpose, protecting endangered gorillas and their habitats by donating €2 for every item sold. This tee is all about attitude Our most popular design features the face of a male silverback gorilla and is branded on the left sleeve with San Diego Zoo. Add to Favorites Gorilla Tag Merch for Kids VR Gamer Tee Adult Teens T-Shirt, Sweatshirt, Hoodie - 23460 (9) Sale. the Silverback gorilla is a powerful animal and a loyal one. Midnight Silverback Gorilla Shirt, Gorilla Tee, Gorilla T-shirt design, Silverback Tee, Silverback T-shirt, Silverback Shirt (543) 19.99. 96.4 Silverback Gorilla, gym apparel, body building, gym Long Sleeve T. You cant go wrong with this Silverback Gorilla Tee Mens -Image by Shutterstock that gives you an authentic style everyday. All of our items are made in Portugal.įor every item purchased That Gorilla Brand will donate €2 to the Gorilla Organization. Womens 96.4 Silverback Gorilla, gym apparel, body building, gym V-Neck T-Shirt. Made from 100% organic cotton & pre-washed, these are sure to be your favourite go-to active or lounge wear pieces. It also features our signature green inner neck tape. It showcases the brand logo which is embroidered on the left chest & has our 3D printed 'G' on the right arm. Buy 96.4 Silverback Gorilla, Traditional Tattoo style gym T-Shirt: Shop top fashion brands T-Shirts at FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases. Code WALLBETTER gets 30 off posters & tapestries. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item.This updated standard fit t-shirt is part of the new Silverback collection combining style & quality along with comfort, with pieces matching from the adults range through to the kids range. Buy 'Silverback Gorilla 002' by pasta26mc as a Essential T-Shirt. If you need to return an item, simply click here to navigate to our Returns Portal. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days). You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. If the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.), we’ll pay the return shipping costs. You will be responsible for paying the return shipping. Upgrade your style with Silverback Gorilla t-shirts from Zazzle Browse through different shirt styles and colors. You may return any new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound. The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. Shop silverback gorilla t-shirts created by independent artists from around the globe. Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page. When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. 12/15/2023 0 Comments Hiding tv cords on wallIf you have a similar issue with needing to hide cords behind the TV, let me walk you through a few ideas to help! How to Hide Cords on Wall But, when you have furniture that has a clearance over 6", you typically have to think about how to hide the TV wires.įor quite a while, we were dealing with this: If you have a piece of furniture that sits low to the ground, hiding TV wiring may not even be something you have to think about. The issue with having leggier furniture is that the cord clutter is much harder to hide. The sideboard that I decided to use as a media cabinet had a bigger clearance between the bottom of the cabinet and the floor. And yes, this is the exact same space showing the TV in the exact same spot!! Crazy beans! Out of control TV cords The original post was published in 2014 and, wow, what a change our space has been through. The struggle is still real with the need to hide wires, so I thought I'd share my media cabinet as it is today (up above) plus, exact steps that I worked through to hide the cords a few years ago.Īs you are reading through this post, take note of our living room changes. * This is an older post that I've updated. Click to read my privacy and disclosure statement. Today, I'm sharing some tips for hiding wiring specifically behind media consoles.Īffiliate links below. We all struggle with the need to hide TV wires. Hide the TV wires in a simple and fast way! Learn how to hide cords on a wall from behind the TV to underneath the console. 12/15/2023 0 Comments Red swan on pianoChadwick: Symphonic Sketches: Hobgoblin (1904) Detroit Symphony Neeme Järvi Chandos 9334 6:07Ġ7:13:51 Hamish MacCunn: The Ship o' the Fiend Op 5 (1888) BBC Scottish Symphony Martyn Brabbins BBC 392 10:36Ġ7:25:52 Duke Ellington: Jubilee Stomp (1928) Jean-Yves Thibaudet, piano Decca 460811 2:30Ġ7:30:59 Franz Schubert: Scherzo from String Quartet No. 2 S 515 (1880) Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra Kurt Masur EMI 64850 10:35Ġ6:29:57 George Frideric Handel: Concerto Grosso in d Op 3 # 5 (1734) Academy of Ancient Music Richard Egarr Harmonia Mundi 907415 9:38Ġ6:41:31 Siegfried Wagner: Scherzo (1922) Hamburg Philharmonic Werner Andreas Albert CPO 999366 10:08Ġ6:52:50 John Williams: Return of the Jedi: Parade of the Ewoks (1983) Boston Pops John Williams Decca 4851590 3:29Ġ6:56:58 Charles Gounod: Funeral March of a Marionette (1872) New London Orchestra Ronald Corp Hyperion 66998 4:18Ġ7:06:11 George W. T Fonnesbaek/ J Kauflin Danish Rain Danish RainĠ5:57:10 Manuel de Falla: El amor brujo: Song of the Will-o'-the-Wisp (1915) Christopher Parkening, guitar EMI 49406 1:35Ġ6:00 BBC News CLASSICAL MUSIC with Jacqueline GerberĠ6:08:08 Cy Coleman: Witchcraft (1957) Boston Pops John Williams Sony 47235 3:06Ġ6:11:30 Giuseppe Verdi: Macbeth: Witches' Chorus 'Che faceste?' (1847) La Scala Chorus Orchestra of La Scala Claudio Abbado Deutsche Gram 4796018 3:23Ġ6:16:50 Franz Liszt: Mephisto Waltz No. Olivia Van Goor Don't Be Mad at Me Nature Boyĭarren Johnston Breathing Room The Secret Meaning Of Things Hazelrigg Brothers Synchronicity Wrapped Around Your Finger Lester Young Pres and Sweets Red Boy Blues Horace Silver Song For My Father Calcutta Cutie Joiful Orchestra Make a Joiful Noise And That's That Nick Finzer Dreams, Visions, Illusions Aspirations And Convictions Ralph Towner At First Light At First Light John Hicks Sketches of Tokyo God Bless the Childįred Hersch Passion Flower Ballad for Very Tired and Very Sad Lotus EatersĬharles Earland I Ain't Jivin, I'm Jammin' Tell It Like It IsĮddie Henderson Witness to History Sweet And Lovely Maddie Vogler While We Have Time Industrielle Jon Menges Spirit of Three, Spirit of Four Tree Of Hope Oscar Peterson Montreux '77 Things Ain't What They Used to Be Mike Melito To Swing Is the Thing Straight Street Jacques Lesure When She Smiles Gregory Is Here Harry Allen Meets the John Pizzarelli Trio Early Autumn Hilario Duran Cry Me A River Mambo Y TumbaoĪnthony Branker Spirit Songs In God's Hands Wycliffe Gordon United Soul Experience Corey's Competitionīen Allison Quiet Revolution The Train and the RiverĬharles Ruggerio Drummer/Composer The Creeper Vincent Gardner Vin-Slidin' Rocks In My Bedīill Evans Portrait in Jazz Blue in Green Johnathan Blake Passage Tears I Cannot Hide Jeremy Pelt Griot-This is Important SolidarityĮmmett Goods Another Level Faith And LoveĪudrey Ochoa The Head of a Mouse The Con Artist Tommy Flanagan Lady Be Good Alone Too Long Kenny Burrell The Along Came Kenny Maya's Dance 12/15/2023 0 Comments Champlain tower south surfside▪ David Lange is professor emeritus at the University of Illinois’s Grainger College of Engineering. He specializes in the design and engineering of bridges. ▪ Atorod Azizinamini is the director of the Moss School of Construction, Infrastructure and Sustainability at Florida International University. He researches structural design, including the analysis of structural failures. ▪ Abieyuwa Aghayere is a professor at Drexel University’s College of Engineering. He specializes in structural engineering. ▪ Dan Abrams is professor emeritus at the University of Illinois’ Grainger College of Engineering. Nine other engineers rerviewed the Herald’s findings for this story: “If the slab lost support at the southern edge, I could see that failure moving northward, and then I would expect punching shear at the columns,” said Nair, the Illinois-based engineer.ĭawn Lehman, professor of structural engineering at the University of Washington, was hired by the Miami Herald as a lead consultant for its ongoing forensic analysis of the Champlain Towers South collapse. Deep cracks would have started form across the deck around the tops of the columns, a precursor to the type of punching failure seen in photos taken after the collapse. Photo credit: Jose Iglesias | Miami HeraldĪ loss of the perimeter wall connection resulted in reduction of that critical restraint, computer modeling showed. Alvarez| McClatchy and Sarah Blaskey | Miami Herald Photos from the collapse site show that narrow columns from the parking garage below poked through the pool deck as the slab sagged - a dangerous type of failure called “punching shear” which experts say is known to cause sudden collapse.Įduardo M. Pool deck falls into the garage in “punching shear” failureĮyewitnesses saw the pool deck collapse, shearing off completely from the southern perimeter wall of Champlain Towers South minutes before the tower came crashing down. However, photos of the Champlain South perimeter dated later that year did not appear to show damage to any structural elements in that area, although the images provided limited view of the wall. The heavy machinery appears to be digging along the wall in the area where pre-existing damage was noted. The previous year, condo board member Mara Chouela sent an email to the town of Surfside complaining that developers of the project next door in Miami Beach were “digging too close to our property” causing residents to have “concerns regarding the structure of our building.”Īttached were two photos of a backhoe. On at least one occasion, equipment scraped along the privacy wall, putting gouges in the non-structural concrete block wall around the pool area, engineers Jonathan Bain and Frank Morabito noted in a 2020 report conducted on behalf of the Champlain South condo association. For years, equipment used for demolition and construction drove back and forth along the wall. The street was torn out and replaced with a much narrower walkway to the beach as part of the Eighty Seven Park project. Lehman’s model showed the sagging was particularly severe in the middle of the deck and along the southern wall, where water used to pool causing problems for the structure, according to construction permits and records from the condo board. The pool deck at Champlain South was too thin, cracking and bowing over the large spans between the columns holding it up, computer modeling showed. So Lehman and her team shifted their focus farther south, to an area of the pool deck burdened with heavy planters that were not supported by beams, where the collapse revealed significant problems along the southern perimeter wall, a below-ground-level structural element made of reinforced concrete. And the first sounds of collapse were heard as Vásquez and Accardi drove into the garage, through the exact area where the assumed concrete failure would have occurred. Sarmiento’s video, which prompted the speculation about an initial concrete failure at the north side of the deck, was taken after the deck collapsed, so the visible debris could easily have been a result of the cave-in rather than a cause. A months-long reconstruction of the timeline eventually undermined all scenarios that put initial concrete failures on the northern edge of the deck. 12/15/2023 0 Comments Code legend of keepersYou will then be able to watch those heroes die! It's a reversed dungeon crawler, heroes will move through your dungeon and will trigger the traps you've placed. Each game or software might support slightly different kinds of content in their Workshop, so it's best to check out the official documentation for more details on what can be created and shared in that area. The Steam Workshop makes it easy to discover or share new content for your game or software. Check their stats and resistances, then place the best traps and monsters to defeat them! When you think your dungeon is ready, let the crawl begin! The Steam Workshop for Legend of Keepers. How did we achieve that? We've run many tests to find the perfect mix between a management and a dungeon phase!įirst, you will have to plan your defense against a group of adventurers. In fact, our game is a mix between Roguelite and a Dungeon Management. Deal with employees strikes and other fun eventsĮach run will be different but players will keep some bonuses for their master between runs.Hire monsters, manage your employees and your stock of traps.Our game is a mix between a Roguelite and a Dungeon Defender.
12/15/2023 0 Comments Virtual midi piano keyboard windows 7That's why I do use Hairless during development, when I'm finished, I use HIDUINO. therefore makes the changing of the code quite a faf to say the least. (I admit that the instructions for Windows look quite scary, but I tried to include every little step of the installation process, in reality it's not that hard.) If you're interested, full instructions can be found on my GitHub: GitHub - tttapa/MIDI_controller: This is a library for creating a MIDI controller using an Arduino or Teensy board. Under Windows, you even get a GUI if you use Atmel Flip. Virtual MIDI Piano Keyboard Turns a computer keyboard into a virtual piano. MidiPiano Piano synthesizer that lets you save tunes in MIDI. It runs on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems with no dedicated 64-bit download provided. That's all, it literally takes 3 seconds. Previous versions of the OS shouldnt be a problem with Windows 8 and Windows 7 having been tested. With a simple click of the mouse, you can play incoming MIDI data to a virtual piano keyboard. VIRTUAL MIDI PIANO KEYBOARD is an application for Windows with which you can learn to play the piano, as well as many other instruments. It does not create any actual sound on its own, but rather, is used to operate a MIDI synthesizer (both software or hardware, external or internal). Sudo dfu-programmer atmega16u2 flash arduino_midi.hex Virtual Midi Piano Keyboard is a powerful MIDI event generating and keyboard controller. If || Įcho "Downloading firmware: arduino_midi.hex. Read -p "Are you sure you want to flash your ATmega16U2 with the HIDuino MIDI firmware? : " confirm Not the bootloader, just the ATmega16U2 firware, it can be done over USB extremely easily: #!/bin/bash Changes for v0.8.0: fixes provided by Drumstick 2.0.0 libs vmpk tickets: ticket 60: Show midi notes on Status Bar ticket 55: Show flats or. You can use the Virtual MIDI Piano Keyboard to display the played MIDI notes from another instrument or MIDI file player. So, if you want to learn how to play piano with this free tool, download VIRTUAL MIDI PIANO KEYBOARD today.For a Uno adding it on involves replacing the bootloader You can use the computers keyboard to play MIDI notes, and also the mouse. This way, you can learn how to move fluently between notes in preparation for playing on a real piano. You can even generate notes with rain, clapping, waves, helicopter sounds, and other effects.Īll the keys can be played with the mouse, as well as with the associated keys on your keyboard. For example, you can experiment with a guitar, bass, violin, xylophone, organ, tuba, trombone, saxophone, flute, whistle, and much more. In addition to the piano, you can also play tons of other instruments and sounds. After that, you'll see all the keys labeled with their respective notes, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G in various chords and octaves. Based on Qt4 and RtMIDI, the program is a MIDI event generator using the computers. The notes don't automatically appear on the keys, but you can add them either horizontally or vertically from the View tab. VMPK is a virtual MIDI piano keyboard for Linux, Windows and OSX. All MIDI data sent to the program´s output is channeled to the receiving applications in realtime. Basically LoopBe1 is an 'invisible cable' to connect a MIDI outport of an application to any other application´s MIDI inport. This way, instead of having to buy a piano, you can learn with nothing more than your computer keyboard and this MIDI sound synthesizer tool.Īs soon as you open the program, you'll find a complete piano with 88 keys. LoopBe1 is an internal MIDI device for transferring MIDI data between computer programs. VIRTUAL MIDI PIANO KEYBOARD is an application for Windows with which you can learn to play the piano, as well as many other instruments. 12/15/2023 0 Comments Alpha state binaural beatsInformation is then relayed to either the inferior colliculus (IC) via outputs from the stellate and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) cells, or by an indirect route to the superior olivary complex (SOC). As the nerve fibers branch they form synapses with different subtypes of neurons – spherical bushy cells, globular bushy cells, and stellate cells, each of which differ in their temporal and spectral response properties ( 10). Auditory nerve fibers leaving the cochlea converge with the vestibulocochlear nerve and enter the cochlear nucleus (CN) in the brainstem and bifurcate. Auditory information is further processed at a number of subcortical structures. This is the first order of auditory processing prior to sound waves being encoded (or rather re-encoded) by the primary auditory cortex. Neurophysiology of Auditory Beat ProcessingĪcoustic stimuli are heard when the peripheral components of the auditory pathway (ears, cochlea, and inner hair cells) convert pressure waves into neural action potentials via mechano-electrical transduction. This indicates that beat carrier frequencies have to be sufficiently low enough to be temporally encoded by the cortex ( 9). Oster reported that the binaural beats were detected only when the carrier frequency was below 1000 Hz, a finding that confirmed an earlier study by Licklider and colleagues ( 8). Dove in 1839 and outlined in detail by Oster over five decades ago ( 7). The binaural beat percept was first reported by H. For example, when the 400 Hz tone is presented to the left ear and the 440 Hz tone to the right, a beat of 40 Hz is perceived, which appears subjectively to be located “inside” the head. Binaural beats are generated when the sine waves within a close range are presented to each ear separately. The beat corresponds to the difference between the two frequencies (in this case 40 Hz). Monaural beats are physical beats, which are objectively heard when the combination of two sine waves at neighboring frequencies (e.g., 400 and 440 Hz) are summated and presented to each ear at the same time resulting in an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. Monaural and binaural beats are generated when sine waves of neighboring frequencies and with stable amplitudes are presented to either both ears simultaneously (monaural beats) or to each ear separately (binaural beats). The main differences between binaural and monaural beats are listed in Table Table1. The effects of ABS have been predominantly investigated using monaural and binaural beats (Figure (Figure1). During the construction of the manuscript, several other references were added, mainly referring to basic neurophysiological findings. After screening, a total of 30 articles were selected. Abstracts were screened for relevance and then full texts were assessed against inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were other study designs (case reports and case series), non-original studies including editorials, book reviews, and letters to the editor, and studies not specifically designed and focused on monaural and/or binaural-beat stimulation. Manuscripts in English, original articles, and experimental studies were considered. Articles that presented a combination of at least two terms from the list of search terms, “auditory beat stimulation, monaural beat, binaural beat, cognition, memory, attention, mood, vigilance, anxiety and creativity” were included. Analysis of the papers followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria recommended by the PRISMA Guidelines. A total of 920 articles were identified in the initial search. In addition to the electronic search strategy, the reference lists of the manuscripts that were reviewed were examined to identify any additional articles not captured by the main search strategy. The electronic databases PubMed and MEDLINE were searched initially using the single search terms “auditory beat stimulation, monaural beat, binaural beat, auditory steady-state response,” and then the combination of these search terms with the terms “cognition, memory, attention, mood, vigilance, anxiety, and creativity.” The strategy was not limited to human studies. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria ( 6). |
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